In contrast to the fashionable claims that globalization is on its way out and nationalism is the trend of the future, businesses continue to cross borders. Multinational enterprises continue to confront, exploit, and seek to manage the differences (institutional, legal, cultural, identity, and so forth) created by formal barriers to the flows of goods, finance, labour, and knowledge, as well as informal variations which exist between, and within, countries. These multi-level, multi-dimensional differences shape the contexts of ongoing transnational operations and reorganization programmes. This course focuses on the unique managerial challenges which differences between, and within, countries create for companies operating in multiple countries. An understanding of contingent national contexts will be acquired through engagement with scholarly research, exploration of diversity and debate within that literature, and consideration of the implications for managerial action.